Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist († 1153) was a French abbot and the primary reformer for the Cistercian order known for his contemplative mysticism, his devotion to Mary, and his reputation for eloquence. He was the first Cistercian monk placed on the calendar of saints after pope Alexander III canonized him in 1174. Pope Pius VIII bestowed on him the title Doctor of the Church and labeled him "Mellifluous Doctor" for his eloquence. He is a patron of Cistercians, Burgundy, beekeepers, candlemakers, Gibraltar, Algeciras, Queens' College, Cambridge, Speyer Cathedral, Knights Templar.